Glossary

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AIS Gaps

AIS gaps is a term referring to a period of time when signals from an AIS transponder are not received and the vessel’s movements and position are unknown.

AIS Gaps and AIS Handshakes

What are AIS Gaps and AIS Handshakes? AIS gaps and AIS handshakes are two activities that make it difficult to track the movements of a vessel. AIS gaps are periods in time when an AIS transponder stops emitting signals. It may or may not indicate dark activity (depending on if the gap is intentional or…

AIS Ship Tracking

What is AIS Ship Tracking? Automatic Identification System (AIS) ship tracking is a radio-based system used by the maritime industry to monitor and track vessel movements in real time. Ships broadcast their identification, position, course, speed, and other data, allowing other ships and shore stations to track them. Ships that are heavier than 300 tons…

AIS Spoofing

What is AIS Spoofing? AIS spoofing involves the deliberate manipulation of automatic identification system (AIS) data to deceive maritime vessels, or monitoring systems. Spoofers can create misleading or dangerous situations by broadcasting false information, such as altering a vessel’s identity, position, or speed. Bad actors have become more sophisticated in recent years and have developed…

Advanced Intelligence

What is Advanced Intelligence? Windward Advanced Intelligence is an AI-powered, automatic target generation and investigation solution designed to transform unknowns into actionable insights. Leveraging Early Detection technology, it flags critical behavioral anomalies and emerging trends, enabling the identification of hidden threats in key areas. With an AI-driven system that connects the dots and provides powerful…

Agile Supply Chain

What is an Agile Supply Chain? An agile supply chain (also known as agile SC) refers to a flexible, responsive logistics and supply management system designed to quickly adapt to changing market demands and disruptions. It prioritizes the ability to quickly change routes, schedules, and operations. In the maritime, supply chain and logistics industries, this…

Anomaly and Pattern Detection

What Are Anomaly Detection and Pattern Detection? Anomaly detection identifies data points that deviate from the expected norm. In contrast, pattern detection focuses on finding recurring or significant patterns within data sets. Combined, they help organizations proactively monitor data to detect risks and enable strategic planning. What Is The Difference Between Anomaly Detection and Pattern…

Asset Monitoring

What is Asset Monitoring? Asset monitoring is real-time, continuous tracking of assets, such as vehicles, equipment, and other high-value items. Typical asset monitoring systems use data from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), internet of things (IoT) sensors, artificial intelligence (AI) systems, and other data sources to detect and monitor an asset’s location, status, and performance. …

Automatic Identification Systems (AIS)

Automatic identification system (AIS) transponders transmit a ship’s position, identification number, and accompanying details about the ship.

Autonomous Systems

What are Autonomous Systems in the Maritime Industry? Autonomous systems in the maritime industry refer to advanced technologies and vessels that operate with minimal human intervention. These systems utilize AI, sensors, and navigation tools to enhance efficiency, safety, and decision-making. They are vital in increasing coverage, streamlining operations, and improving resource management for maritime activities….

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BI and Analytics

What are Business Intelligence (BI) and Analytics? Business intelligence (BI) and analytics are the processes and technologies used to gather, analyze, and interpret data to help organizations make informed decisions. BI focuses on presenting historical and current data in an accessible way, often through dashboards, reports, and visualizations. Analytics delves deeper into data patterns to…

Beneficial Cargo Owner (BCO)

Who is a Beneficial Cargo Owner (BCO)? A beneficial cargo owner is someone who imports goods and handles the shipment with his/her own logistics when it arrives, instead of using outside companies like freight forwarders, or non-vessel operating common carriers (NVOCCs). In international trade and transportation, the BCO is typically the party that has a…

Berths

What Are Shipping Berths in the Maritime Industry? A maritime shipping berth is a designated location within a port or harbor where a ship can dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Berths are critical infrastructure components of ports, equipped with various facilities and equipment necessary to support maritime operations. They are the interface…

Bill of Lading (BoL)

What is a Bill of Lading? A bill of lading (BoL) is a legal document that serves as a contract between the owner of the goods and the carrier detailing the type, quantity, and destination of the goods being shipped. It also acts as a receipt issued by the carrier once the cargo is loaded…

Blank Sailing

What is Blank Sailing? Blank sailing is the act of skipping a scheduled stop at a port, or canceling the voyage entirely. The decision is typically made by the carriers to effectively manage vessel capacity, respond to changes in cargo demand, optimize the global shipping network, or reduce unnecessary costs. Understanding Blank Sailing When shipping…

Bunkering

What is Bunkering? Bunkering refers to the process of supplying fuel to ships, while a bunker refers to fuel and oil. This fuel is used to run machinery on board the vessel and to power the engines that propel the ship across the ocean. Bunkering can be performed both onshore and offshore. Bunkering is often…

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Carriage Paid To (CPT)

What is “Carriage Paid To” (CPT)? “Carriage Paid To” (CPT) is an Incoterm used in maritime shipping and international trade. It places the responsibility on the seller to arrange and pay for the transportation of goods to a specific destination. The seller assumes the risk and cost of delivering the goods to the carrier or…

Carrier Performance

What is Shipping Carrier Performance? Carrier performance usually refers to how a maritime carrier manages to execute on its responsibilities, often based on shippers’ standards and expectations. Ideally, carriers are expected to improve logistics, while streamlining the shipping process. Criteria – such as timeliness, communication, compliance, and invoice accuracy – are included in the carrier…

Chartered Vessels

What Are Chartered Vessels? Chartered vessels are ships that are rented or leased to transport goods or people. The charterer uses the vessel for a specified time or journey, depending on the agreement between the parties. Typically, the ship’s owner is responsible for providing the crew and covering capital costs, although different types of charters…

Complex Ship Ownership or Management

OFAC Definition (Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices); Global shipping is inherently complex and involves multiple interactions with both government and private sector entities. Bad actors attempt to take advantage of this complexity through the use of complex business structures, including those involving shell companies and/or multiple levels of ownership and management,…

Compliance Risk Management

What is Compliance Risk Management? Compliance risk management refers to the process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks related to an organization’s adherence to laws, regulations, standards, and internal policies. The primary goal of compliance risk management is to ensure that a company operates within the legal and ethical boundaries established by regulatory bodies and…

Consignee

What is a Consignee in Shipping? In maritime shipping, the consignee is the individual or entity designated to receive goods at the destination port, as indicated on the bill of lading. This party also assumes the responsibility for handling import duties, taxes, and customs clearance. Under maritime law, the consignee enjoys certain rights, including the…

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

What is the Consumer Price Index (CPI)? The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the monthly change in prices paid by U.S. consumers. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) calculates the CPI as a weighted average of prices for a basket of goods and services representative of aggregate U.S. consumer spending. The index is calculated by…

Container Numbers

What is a Container Number? A container number is a distinctive alpha-numeric code comprising seven digits and four letters, used for international container identification. The International Standards Organization (ISO), facilitated by the Bureau International des Containers (BIC), allocates these unique codes to each container, following the guidelines outlined in the ISO 6346 standard. These codes…

Container Terminal

What is a Container Terminal? A container terminal is a facility that stores and processes shipping containers as they move from one shipping vehicle to the next. Located at ports, these terminals handle the loading and unloading of containers from ships, their storage, and their transfer to trucks or trains for inland distribution. Container terminals…

Container Tracking

What is Container Tracking? “Container tracking” has many meanings and applications across the logistics/supply chain industry, often depending on which person or organization you are speaking with. Container tracking uses technology to monitor the location and status of shipping containers throughout their journey from the port of loading to the port of discharge. It can refer…

Container Tracking Software

Container tracking software is a system that uses technology to monitor the location and status of shipping containers throughout their journeys. This software is a critical component of supply chain and logistics management for companies involved in international shipping and trade. It is used by shippers, consignees, freight forwarders, and other logistics stakeholders to track…

Cost and Freight

What is Cost and Freight? Cost and Freight (CFR) is an Incoterm used in maritime shipping and international trade. Under this term, the seller assumes responsibility to arrange and pay for the transportation of goods to a specified destination port. But, the risk of loss or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller…

Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF)

What is Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF)? Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF) is an Incoterm commonly used in maritime shipping and international transaction contracts. Under CIF terms, the seller is responsible for arranging and paying for the shipping of goods to a destination port and insuring the goods while they are in transit. Once the…

Counterparty Risk

What is Counterparty Risk? Counterparty risk refers to the potential financial loss or operational disruption that can occur in the maritime industry when one party involved in a transaction or contract fails to fulfill its obligations. Meaning, there’s a chance the other party might not keep their promises, or pay what they owe. What is…

Critical National Infrastructure (CNI)

What is Critical National Infrastructure? Critical national infrastructure (CNI) in the maritime industry refers to the essential assets, systems, and networks that are vital for a country’s functioning, security, and economic stability. These elements are crucial for national defense, economic prosperity, public health, and safety. The disruption, degradation, or destruction of this infrastructure can significantly…

Crude Oil Tankers

What is a Crude Oil Tanker? A crude oil tanker is a specialized vessel designed to transport large quantities of unrefined crude oil from production sites to refineries, or distribution centers around the world. Oil tankers are typically categorized as either dirty tankers (which move crude oil or “dirty” products, such as residual fuel oil)…

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DAP Shipping (Delivered at Place)

What is DAP Shipping? “Delivered at Place shipping,” also known as DAP shipping, is an international trade term used to describe a deal where the ownership of a product is transferred from the seller to the buyer. DAP shipping was first introduced as an International Commercial Term (Incoterm) in 2010 by the International Chamber of…

Dark Activity

This term refers to the situation in which a vessel’s AIS transmission signals are no longer being broadcasted or detected.

Dark and Gray Fleets

What is the Dark Fleet? The dark fleet refers to tankers that engage in dark activities, such as disabling their AIS, or using deceptive shipping practices – like GNSS manipulation, ID and location tampering – to transport crude oil, chemicals, and other wet cargo. The fleet is characterized by weak ownership structures and the use…

Data Curation

What is Data Curation? Data curation involves the active management of data throughout its lifecycle, from creation and storage, to archiving and reuse. It is a foundational process that ensures generative AI (Gen AI) models are built on high-quality, accurate, and relevant data. This process includes activities such as data collection, cleaning, annotation, and documentation…

Data Governance

What is Data Governance? Data governance refers to the management of data availability, usability, integrity, and security in an organization. It involves setting policies, standards, and practices to ensure that data is accurate and accessible. In the context of Generative AI (Gen AI), data governance is crucial for ensuring the quality and reliability of the…

Data Management

What is Data Management? Data management involves organizing, storing, and maintaining data to ensure its quality, integrity, and accessibility. It includes processes such as data governance, integration, storage, privacy, and preprocessing, which are crucial for training and deploying reliable and effective generative AI (Gen AI) models. Effective data management ensures that Gen AI models have…

Deceptive Shipping Practices

Deceptive shipping practices are usually used to evade sanctions.

Decision Support System

What is a Decision Support System? A decision support system (DSS) provides data, analysis, and insights to organizations, to help guide their decision-making process. It integrates information from multiple sources, applies analytics and modeling techniques, and presents the data in a user-friendly way. Most platforms include features such as data visualization, advanced analytics, and collaboration…

Deep Dark Activity

This term, coined by Windward, refers to vessels that conduct long periods of dark activity in correlation with vessel behavior.

Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU)

What is Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU)? Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU) is a trade term where the seller ensures goods are delivered to a specific destination. The seller pays all transportation expenses and assumes all risks during transport. The buyer is responsible for paying all import duties and additional transportation costs. DDU was removed from the…

Delivered at Place Unloaded (DPU)

Delivered at Place Unloaded (DPU) is one of eleven Incoterms that stipulate responsibilities for buyers and sellers in the maritime industry. It is the only one that requires the seller to deliver the goods to the buyer’s location. It also states when the risk and costs shift from the seller to the buyer. Buyers &…

Delivery Duty Paid (DDP)

What is DDP? Delivery duty paid (DDP) is a delivery agreement where the seller (exporter) is responsible for the shipment and for all potential risks and costs, until the shipment reaches its final destination. The potential costs ”include all transportation costs, any loss due to damage during transit, and the payment of customs duties, import…

Demand Planning

What is Demand Planning? Demand planning is an important supply chain management activity used to ensure businesses have the right volume of goods to sell to their customers. It combines historical data, market trends, and predictive analytics, so businesses can optimize inventory levels to meet customer needs. When done effectively, it balances supply and demand…

Demurrage Fees

What is Demurrage? Demurrage is a fee charged to the consignee when the organization fails to retrieve their containers or cargo from the port within the allotted free time period. This free time, typically ranging from two to seven days, is an agreed-upon time period during which the containers can remain at the port without…

Detention Charges

What are Container Detention Charges? Detention charges are container-related charges that consignees may be responsible for paying once a container has been offloaded from a vessel. After the container is removed from the port, the consignee is granted a specified number of “free days” to transport, unload, and return the container to the port. If…

Dual Transmission

What is dual transmission? Dual transmission in the maritime industry refers to the use of multiple AIS transmitters on board a single vessel transmitting different entities with separate IMOs. This is typically used by bad actors to spoof their real location, while participating in illicit activities or deceptive shipping practices. Dual transmission is an illegal…

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ESG

What is ESG? ESG is a general term that stands for environmental, social, and governance. A company with a high ESG score typically invests resources that positively impact its surroundings. Understanding exactly what ESG is can have a significant effect on a company. Even though it may not appear on financial reports, it creates accountability…

Early Detection

What is Early Detection? Early Detection is an AI-based solution that reveals the unknown and delivers early intelligence and business insights on pivotal events, geopolitical shifts, supply chain disruptions, and covert operations. It provides a consistent view – from high-level decision-makers, to directors and analysts – of world events that may disrupt supply chains, impact…

Energy Risk Management

What is energy risk management? Energy risk management minimizes the risks involved in the movement or shipment of energy commodities. Managing risks associated with the energy industry is becoming increasingly complex, due to various factors, such as sanctions, evolving deceptive shipping practices, and world events. Energy risk management means determining, assessing, and prioritizing risks associated…

Enhanced Due Diligence (EDD)

What is enhanced due diligence (EDD)? Enhanced due diligence (EDD) is a process used in the maritime industry to identify and reduce potential risks related to compliance, fraud, and money laundering. Enhanced due diligence involves conducting a thorough background check of a company’s operations, financial status, and reputation to ensure they are compliant with relevant…

Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA)

What is Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) for Maritime? Estimated time of arrival (ETA) in the maritime industry refers to the approximate time that a vessel is expected to arrive at its destination port. It is an essential element of the shipping process, as it allows shippers, carriers, and port operators to plan and coordinate…

Estimated Time of Departure (ETD)

What is the Estimated Time of Departure? The estimated time of departure (ETD) refers to the anticipated time when a vessel is expected to leave port, or depart from a particular location. It’s crucial information for various stakeholders involved in maritime operations, including port authorities, shipping companies, and cargo handlers. The estimated time of departure…

Ex Works

What is Ex Works? “Ex Works” (EXW) is an Incoterm that designates the buyer and seller’s terms in the shipping process. The seller is required to make the product available at a specific location, while the buyer is responsible for the transportation costs. EXW places the burden of risks and expenses on the buyer once…

Exception Management

What is Exception Management? Exception management (also called “management by exception”) refers to the process of identifying, analyzing, and resolving anomalies that occur during the shipping process. These exceptions can include any event that changes the arrival time, such as lost containers, port congestion, or damaged goods, each of which can disrupt the supply chain….

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Federal Maritime Commission

What is the Federal Maritime Commission? The Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) is an independent federal agency responsible for regulating the United States’ international ocean transportation system. Its primary role is to ensure a competitive and reliable system that supports the U.S. economy and protects the public from unfair and deceptive practices. The Federal Maritime Commission…

Financial Crime Risk

Fraud, corruption, money laundering, and sanctions violations are all examples of risks that have the potential to cause financial and reputational damage to organizations.

Flag Hopping

Flag hopping was defined by OFAC as “repeatedly registering with new flag states to avoid detection.” But registration changes are also commonly used as a legitimate financial tactic, making it difficult to label as an illicit activity. This makes malicious flag hopping well-concealed in a sea of legitimate flag hopping.

Flag of Convenience

This term refers to flags other than the one belonging to a ship owner’s flag state. Owners will often register with a flag of convenience to take advantage of lower taxes, reduced regulation, or administrative fees.

Free Alongside Ship (FAS)

What is Free Alongside Ship Incoterm (FAS) Free Alongside Ship (FAS) is one of eleven Incoterms used in ocean freight to clearly assign responsibility to the buyer and seller. A FAS contract stipulates that the seller is responsible for delivering the goods to a point of departure, but not a container terminal. Once the goods…

Free Carrier (FCA)

What is Free Carrier (FCA)? Free carrier (FCA) is an Incoterm, or international trade term, that defines the seller’s responsibility for delivering goods to a named place or carrier specified by the buyer. Under this contractual arrangement, the seller fulfills their obligation by handing over the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier or another…

Freight In and Freight Out

What are Freight In and Freight Out? Freight in and freight out are logistics concepts used to track the costs involved in the movement of goods into and out of a specific location. In the context of maritime and shipping, they represent the flow of cargo into and out of ports, vessels, and distribution centers. …

Freight Management

What is Freight Management? Freight management is the process of planning, coordinating, and managing the transportation of goods from one location to another. Controlling the logistics of shipping involves selecting carriers, routing, tracking shipments, and handling documentation. The goal is to optimize cost, speed, and efficiency, while ensuring timely and safe delivery. Who are the…

Freight Transport

What is Freight Transport? Freight transport is the movement of goods from one place to another. Common freight includes commercial goods, commodities, and merchandise in bulk. “The main transport mode for global trade is ocean shipping: around 90% of traded goods are carried over the waves. As such, the oceans provide the main transport arteries…

Freight on Board (FOB) Shipping

What is Freight on Board (FOB) Shipping? Freight on Board (FOB), is an international commercial term (Incoterms®) indicating the point where costs of shipping and liability of goods transfers from the seller to the buyer. The term, which was defined as part of the International Chamber of Commerce’s (ICC), is the most common agreement when…

Freight on board (FOB)?

Freight on Board (FOB) is an international commercial term (Incoterm®) indicating the point where costs of shipping and liability of goods transfers from the seller to the buyer. The term, which was defined as part of the International Chamber of Commerce’s (ICC), is the most common agreement when shipping internationally. The FOB, also known as…

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Generative AI (Gen AI)

What is Generative AI (Gen AI)? Generative AI (Gen AI) is an advanced type of artificial intelligence (AI) that creates new content, such as text, images, or music, by learning patterns from existing data. In the maritime industry, Gen AI can improve efficiency while reducing risks by integrating risk assessment and insight summaries into workflows,…

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Hot Zones

What are Hot Zones in Maritime Shipping? Hot zones are geographic areas that are considered high risk for ships to pass through. These zones are labeled high risk due to safety concerns stemming from piracy, accidents, environmental hazards, congestion, and wars. Shippers must take precautions to protect their cargo, crew, and vessels when traversing these…

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IUU Fishing

What is IUU Fishing? Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing refers to fishing activities carried out in violation of local or international laws and regulations, without proper reporting or oversight. These activities can include fishing in protected areas, using prohibited gear, or catching protected species. IUU fishing can negatively impact fish stocks and marine ecosystems,…

Identity Tampering

According to C4ADS, identity tampering is the deliberate falsification of a vessel’s broadcasted data on AIS and/or alterations to its physical features, to misrepresent its identity.

Illegal Fishing

What is Illegal Fishing? Illegal fishing involves activities that violate national, regional, or international fisheries laws and regulations. This includes fishing without a license, exceeding catch quotas, using banned gear, fishing in closed areas or during prohibited seasons, and catching protected species. These actions undermine sustainable fishing practices, deplete fish stocks, harm marine ecosystems, and…

Insolvency Risk

The likelihood that a company will be unable to meet its debt obligations and therefore bankrupts. Insolvency risk is a measurement representing the probability of a company becoming insolvent as a result of its inability to service its debt. Investors often consider a firm’s insolvency risk prior to making equity or bond investment decisions. Firms…

Inventory Management

What is Inventory Management? Inventory management in the maritime industry involves the efficient control and oversight of goods as they move through the supply chain. It aims to minimize costs and delays while ensuring that cargo is accurately tracked, stored, and moved. This process includes managing container flows and coordinating with ports and distribution centers. …

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Just In Time (JIT)

What is just-in-time (JIT) for logistics? In transportation and freight, just-in-time (JIT) refers to an inventory control system that manages the material flow into assembly and manufacturing plants by coordinating demand and supply so desired materials arrive “just-in-time.” “When first developed in Japan in the 1970s, the idea of just-in-time (JIT) marked a radical new…

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KYV™ (Know Your Vessel)

KYV is a term coined by Windward to describe the process of vetting vessels for sanctions risk.

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Large Language Model (LLM) Agents

What Are LLM Agents? Large language model (LLM) agents are advanced AI systems capable of understanding and generating human-like text based on vast amounts of training data. They use deep learning technology to process and generate natural language. LLM agents are versatile, handling tasks such as language translation, content creation, and query responses. They represent…

Lead Time

What is Lead Time? Lead time in shipping refers to the time it takes for goods or products to move from order placement, to arrival at the final destination. It is an important concept in supply chain management and logistics, as it helps businesses plan and manage their inventory, production, and delivery schedules more effectively. …

Letter of Indemnity

What is a Letter of Indemnity? A letter of indemnity (LOI) is a legal document often used in the maritime industry to protect a party from specific risks or liabilities associated with the transportation of goods. It is commonly used when there is a need to issue a clean bill of lading, even if the…

List Screening

What is List Screening? List screening is the process of identifying individuals, companies, or organizations appearing on various watchlists, such as politically-exposed persons (PEP) lists, sanctions lists, and adverse media lists. The goal of list screening is to locate potential risks and threats that are connected to the screened people or organizations, so you can…

Location (GNSS) Manipulation

What is Location (GNSS) Manipulation? Location (GNSS) manipulation, also known as AIS spoofing, involves the deliberate falsification of a vessel’s geographical data. This deceptive practice often employs machine-generated locations or paths to mask the actual location. It can be executed through various methods, such as installing devices onboard that transmit false information or coordinating with…

Logistics Automation

What is Logistics Automation? Logistics automation refers to the use of technology and software to streamline and improve logistics operations, such as transportation, inventory management, warehousing, and order fulfillment. It involves automating manual repetitive tasks and processes to increase efficiency, reduce human error, and lower operational costs. Some common elements of logistics automation include: Logistics…

Logistics Service Provider

What is a Logistics Service Provider? A logistics service provider in the maritime industry coordinates the movement, storage, and handling of goods across ocean/sea routes. They manage shipping schedules, customs clearance, warehousing, and distribution, ensuring efficient and cost-effective transportation. Logistics service providers may offer value-added services – such as cargo insurance, tracking, and supply chain…

Logistics Tracking

What is Logistics Tracking? Logistics tracking in the maritime industry refers to the process of monitoring and managing the movement of goods and cargo through the supply chain, from the point of origin to its final unloading point. Logistics tracking plays a crucial role in ensuring the timely and efficient delivery of goods, while minimizing…

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Marine Insurance

What is Marine Insurance? Marine insurance in shipping covers goods and cargo from when they leave the point of origin until they arrive at their final destination. It insures the ships, terminals, and all methods of forward freight where the goods are held against loss and damage. What Does Marine Insurance Cover? The scope of…

Maritime AI™

Maritime AI is a term for machine learning models uniquely attuned to maritime nuances and data.

Maritime Domain Awareness

What is Maritime Domain Awareness? Maritime domain awareness (MDA) refers to understanding all activities, events, and conditions in the maritime environment that could impact security, safety, the economy, or the environment. It involves collecting, integrating, and analyzing data from various sources to track vessels, monitor cargo movements, detect deceptive shipping practices, and assess potential national…

Maritime Intelligence

What is Maritime Intelligence? Maritime intelligence refers to the systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and sharing data about activities and operations across the world’s oceans. It relies on advanced technologies like AI to monitor vessel behavior, identify patterns, detect anomalies, and deliver actionable insights. By leveraging these capabilities, maritime intelligence ensures safety, security, and operational…

Maritime Law Enforcement

Conflicts, such as the Russia-Ukraine war, combined with the technological advancement of bad actors, have placed a burden on maritime law enforcement bodies. Criminals have progressed beyond merely disabling their automatic identification systems (“dark activity”), so maritime law enforcement agencies are now coping with sophisticated methods, such as GNSS spoofing, ID tampering, zombie vessels, and…

Maritime Logistics

What is Maritime Logistics? Maritime logistics is the planning, implementation, and management of the movement of goods across the seas. It includes a number of activities in shipping and the coordination of transport chains. Maritime logistics is a crucial element in global trade, as it enables efficient and cost-effective transportation of large volumes of goods…

Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI)

What is Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI)? Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI) is a unique, 9-digit number assigned to a digital selective calling (DSC) radio. It acts as a digital fingerprint for vessels, making it easier for other boats and authorities to identify and communicate with a ship at sea quickly. The International Telecommunications Union…

Maritime Risk Intelligence

What is maritime risk intelligence? Many risks have emerged in the maritime ecosystem, involving the vessel, crew, and/or cargo. Maritime risk intelligence, which includes a combination of maritime data and domain expertise, can help predict these potential maritime risks and protect your business, or organization. Actionable maritime intelligence is key to enhancing compliance risk management,…

Maritime Security

What is Maritime Security? Maritime security refers to the measures and strategies implemented to protect vessels, ports, and maritime infrastructure from threats. It encompasses a range of activities aimed at safeguarding maritime assets, ensuring the safety and security of trade routes, and preventing illicit activities at sea. It requires collaboration between governments, international organizations, and…

Maritime Tracking

What is Maritime Tracking? Maritime tracking involves monitoring and tracking the movement of vessels across oceans. By providing visibility into vessel movements and container tracking, it enables efficient coordination, risk management, and compliance with maritime regulations, contributing to the safety and sustainability of maritime activities. What Types of Technology are Used in Maritime Tracking? What…

Maritime Trade

What is Maritime Trade? Maritime trade is the transport of goods overseas between two countries. It is a low-cost, efficient method of transporting items manufactured, grown, or mined from one country to another and is an essential ingredient in the growth of the world’s economy and in developing nations. In today’s economy, 80 percent of…

Maritime

What is Maritime? The term “maritime” refers to anything related to the ocean, sea, and rivers. Maritime includes the ships, ports, companies, and individuals that are involved in the industry. The maritime shipping industry is essential to the global economy. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) estimated that in 2021, 80% of…

Multi-INT

What is Multi-INT in the Maritime Industry? Multi-INT, short for “multi-intelligence,” is the combination of different intelligence disciplines. Law enforcement agencies use a multi-INT approach to generate a more complete picture of maritime activities, threats, and vulnerabilities. This enables more effective decision-making and operational planning and is instrumental in detecting security threats, smuggling, piracy, and…

Multi-Source Investigative Tools

What are Multi-Source Investigative Tools? There is no shortage of crimes that take place at sea. Smuggling, illegal fishing, and human trafficking are just some of the illicit activities. Some criminal activities, such as dark activity that occurs when ships disable their AIS, are relatively easy to detect. Other activities, such as location (GNSS) manipulation,…

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Naval Intelligence

What is Naval Intelligence? Naval intelligence refers to the specialized branch of military intelligence that focuses on the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information related to maritime environments, including oceans, seas, and coastal areas. It serves multiple strategic and operational needs of a navy, ranging from tactical missions to broader defense and security planning. Here’s…

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OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control) Advisories

The OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control) advisories aim to help enforce economic and trade sanctions against certain regimes, sectors, entities, or individuals.

OTIF Supply Chain

What is OTIF in Supply Chain? On-time, in-full (OTIF) is a key performance indicator (KPI) used in supply chain management to measure the efficiency and reliability of the supply chain process. It evaluates whether deliveries are made on time (OT) and in full (IF), meaning that all the ordered items are delivered in the correct…

Ocean Analytics

What is Ocean Analytics in the Maritime Industry? Ocean analytics refers to the systematic use of data analysis techniques to optimize various aspects of maritime shipping and logistics operations, including but not limited to ship movements, cargo, vessel characteristics, weather conditions, and compliance with international regulations. The objective of these analytics can be diverse, ranging…

Ocean Freight Forwarder

What is an Ocean Freight Forwarder? Ocean freight forwarders are specialists who streamline the process of shipping cargo via the ocean or sea. They aren’t ship operators, but act as middlemen who know the ins and outs of international shipping. As explained by Freightos, ocean forwarders “know precisely how to complete any shipment and build…

Ocean Freight Visibility

What is Ocean Freight Visibility? It’s difficult to know what could go wrong or why cargo may be delayed in the ocean freight sphere. An ocean freight visibility solution can help by offering a holistic picture of what is happening. It does so by providing valuable, actionable insights and empowering importers, exporters, and freight forwarders…

Ocean Shipping Reform Act (OSRA)

What is the Ocean Shipping Reform Act (OSRA)? The Ocean Shipping Reform Act (OSRA) is a U.S. legislative framework that modernizes the regulation of international ocean transportation. Enacted in 1998 and updated in 2022, OSRA enhances the flexibility of service contracts between shippers and carriers, and strengthens Federal Maritime Commission oversight. The 2022 update, prompted…

Oil Smuggling

Oil smuggling is a tactic that sanction evaders use to turn a profit from oil exports that U.S. sanctions designate as illicit.

Organization Defined Risk (ODR)

What is Organization Defined Risk (ODR)? Organization Defined Risk (also known as “ODR”) from Windward sets a new standard for maritime risk management as the first fully configurable risk type. Organizations can now independently define and configure behavioral indicators that fit their unique business, mission and risk requirements, and apply them across behavioral and list…

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Physical Alteration of Vessel Identification

According to the OFAC Definition (Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices): Passenger ships of 100 Gross Tonnage (GT) and upwards and cargo ships of 300 GT and upwards are required to display their name and IMO number in a visible location on the vessel’s hull or superstructure. A vessel’s IMO number is…

Port Congestion

What is Port Congestion? Port congestion occurs when ships face delays in loading or unloading cargo due to bottlenecks at ports. There are a number of reasons for this congestion at the ports, including high cargo volumes, limited port capacity, labor shortages, or inefficient operations. Congested ports have a significant impact, as they lead to…

Port of Destination

What is a Port of Destination? The port of destination (PoD) refers to the final destination for a ship, or the end of sea transport for cargo. The term is frequently used in Incoterms and is crucial in logistics and shipping. It indicates the final step in maritime transport and often involves customs and clearance…

Port of Loading

What is a Port of Loading? The port of loading (PoL) is the location where cargo and containers are loaded onto a shipping vessel, marking the beginning of its maritime journey. This port plays a crucial role in defining the shipping costs and duration of transit. Typically, the port of loading is clearly stated in…

Power BI Dashboards

What is a Power BI Dashboard? A Power BI dashboard is a single-screen display of key metrics and data. It pulls data from multiple sources and presents it in the form of charts, graphs, and other visual displays. Its goal is to provide operators with at-a-glance insights relating to performance, KPIs, and trends. For organizations…

Predictive Intelligence

What is Predictive Intelligence in the Maritime Industry? Predictive intelligence is one of the most important technological advances in the maritime industry. It uses artificial intelligence (AI) methods and advanced analytics to track billions of data points that are helpful in identifying maritime trends and forecasting future events or outcomes. Not only does it help…

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Real-Time Transportation Visibility Platforms

What is a real-time transportation visibility platform? Real-time visibility is essential for live tracking a shipment through its complete lifecycle. It accounts for numerous issues that can affect the estimated time of arrival (ETA), such as weather delays, customs issues, and traffic. A real-time transportation visibility platform provides these updates. It collects data from the…

Risk Management

What is Risk Management? Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks that could potentially affect an organization or business. It involves analyzing potential events or conditions that might harm or disrupt operations, and then implementing strategies to minimize, control, or eliminate those risks. The key steps in risk management typically include:…

Risk Mitigation

What is Risk Mitigation? Risk mitigation refers to the process of identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks, followed by the application of resources to minimize, control, or eliminate the impact of those risks on an organization. The goal of risk mitigation is to reduce the probability of a risk event occurring and to minimize negative consequences…

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SDN List

The SDN (Specially Designated Nationals And Blocked Persons) list is OFAC’s list of individuals and companies whose assets are blocked and U.S. persons are generally prohibited from dealing with.

Sanctions Compliance

What is Sanctions Compliance? Sanctions compliance from a maritime perspective involves ensuring that shippers adhere to and comply with all international sanctions. They can take various forms, including trade embargoes, asset freezes, travel bans, and other economic measures. Businesses and organizations in the maritime industry that work with foreign entities need to be particularly careful…

Sanctions Screening

What is sanctions screening? Sanctions screening is the process of checking whether an individual or entity is listed on a sanctions list, or watchlist. These lists are compiled by governments and recognized international organizations to identify individuals or entities subject to financial sanctions, or other restrictions, as a result of their actions or associations. Working…

Shadow Fleet

What is the Shadow Fleet? The shadow fleet, also known as the dark fleet (see below), refers to a group of vessels engaged in deceptive shipping practices (DSPs), particularly in relation to the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine. Windward’s Maritime AI™ platform has identified a three-tiered system of vessels to paint a more accurate…

Ship-to-Ship (STS) Meetings

When two ships meet at sea. The encounter might be for fueling, transshipments of cargo such as oil or fish, to change crew, let a pilot on board, and more.

Shipment Tracking

What is Shipment Tracking? Shipment tracking refers to the process of monitoring and tracing the movement of cargo or goods during the shipping process. By utilizing advanced tracking technologies such as AI, stakeholders can obtain real-time information about the location and status of freights. Shipment Tracking’s Essential Role in the Maritime Industry Shipment tracking plays…

Shipment Visibility

What is Shipment Visibility? Shipment visibility is the capability to track and oversee the progress of goods as they journey through the supply chain, from the initial point of departure to their ultimate destination. It involves accessing up-to-the-minute information on the whereabouts, condition, and expected arrival time of shipments, enabling all involved parties to stay…

Shipping Delays

Why Shipping Delays Occur & How to Improve ETAs “Visibility is critical to the supply chain. Knowing your shipment is delayed is a necessity, but knowing why your shipment was delayed further empowers customers to take action, save costs, and minimize the business impact of delays,” according to Ami Daniel, CEO and Co-Founder of Windward….

Shipping Management

What is Shipping Management? Shipping management is a set of practices that encompass the comprehensive coordination of vessel operations, cargo handling, logistics, compliance, and resource allocation to guarantee the efficient and secure transportation of goods by sea. This strategic oversight enables shippers to streamline the movement of goods, optimize logistics, mitigate risks, and ensure on-time…

Shipping Manifest

What is a Shipping Manifest? A shipping manifest is a document that provides a comprehensive list of the items loaded onto a vessel for transport. It serves as a legal record of the ship’s cargo and is used for customs clearance, port operations, and tracking shipments throughout the transportation process. The manifest ensures accuracy, accountability,…

Smart Data

What is Smart Data? Smart data refers to data that is filtered, processed, and analyzed to be actionable and relevant for decision-making. Unlike raw unstructured data, which can be overwhelming and difficult to interpret, smart data is refined to provide meaningful insights, improve efficiency, and drive strategic actions. It often leverages advanced analytics, AI, and…

Storage Fee

What Is a Storage Fee? A storage fee in global shipping is a charge imposed by ports, warehouses, or shipping companies when cargo remains at a storage facility beyond the allowed free period. This fee covers the cost of space and handling, while incentivizing timely collection and preventing congestion. Storage fees vary by location, type…

Supply Chain Disruptions

What Are Supply Chain Disruptions? Supply chain disruptions refer to unexpected events or factors that cause a delay in the flow of goods. These disruptions can occur at any stage of the supply chain, from raw material sourcing to delivery of finished products to consumers. Disruptions have a significant impact on the overall efficiency and…

Supply Chain KPIs

What are Supply Chain KPIs? Supply chain key performance indicators (KPIs) are used by logistics service providers and shipping companies to assess the efficiency, effectiveness, and overall performance of their maritime operations. These metrics provide valuable insights into various aspects of the maritime supply chain, including vessel utilization, port efficiency, cargo handling, and overall cost…

Supply Chain Management System

What is Supply Chain Management? Supply chain management is the oversight and management of the entire production flow of goods and services, from raw materials, to the delivery of the final product to the consumer. It encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics. Supply chain management also…

Supply Chain Resilience

What is Supply Chain Resilience? Supply chain resilience is the ability of a company’s supply chain to adapt and recover quickly from unexpected disruptions. It involves having backup plans, flexible strategies, and strong relationships with suppliers to ensure that products can still be delivered to customers, even when challenges arise. Supply chain resilience helps companies…

Supply Chain Risk Management

What is Supply Chain Risk Management? Supply chain risk management (SCRM) involves identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks that could disrupt the supply chain, particularly those associated with the transportation of goods by sea. It focuses on understanding and managing factors such as geopolitical tensions, natural disasters, port congestion, and compliance with international regulations that can…

Supply Chain Visibility

What is Supply Chain Visibility? Supply chain visibility is the ability to track every part of the supply chain journey. Modern-day supply chains are extremely complex and difficult to track, with a diverse supplier network around the world. Supply chain visibility is critical for logistics professionals, freight forwarders, and any organization that needs to track…

Support Fleets and Forced Labor

Support Fleets and Forced Labor in IUU Fishing Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a growing problem that occurs around the world, and is used to assert regional dominance. Vessels, crews, and companies use support fleets to bring over fishermen, often migrant workers, and coerce them into assisting with illegal fishing under harsh conditions….

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Terminal Operations

What are Terminal Operations? Terminal operations involve handling, storing, and transferring cargo between ships and other transport modes. This includes transhipments and intermodal transfers to trucks or trains. Loading and unloading, container management, and storage are important elements of terminal operations. Who is the Terminal Operator? A terminal operator is the company or entity responsible…

Three Lines of Defense

Three Lines of Defense is an effective internal auditing model designed to offer a framework for improved control across an organization by developing a greater understanding of the risks and controls. This identifies and articulates the collection of risks and controls, and appropriately allocates the ownership and performance to these across various ‘lines of defense’,…

Tipping and Cueing

What is Maritime Tipping and Cueing? Tipping and cueing is a technique that uses satellite monitoring to identify and track large objects. The process begins with a low-resolution satellite sensor that scans a wide area, such as the ocean. After a “tip” has been generated, the data is relayed to a team or AI system…

Trade-Based Money Laundering

What is Trade-Based Money Laundering? Trade-based money laundering (TBML) is a sophisticated method used by criminals to disguise illicit funds through legitimate international trade transactions. It involves manipulating the value, volume, or type of goods being traded to transfer value across borders without detection. TBML schemes exploit vulnerabilities in trade finance systems, such as invoice…

Transit Ban

What is a Transit Ban? A transit ban in the maritime shipping industry prohibits certain vessels or cargo from passing through a specific area, or route. This can be due to various reasons, including sanctions or embargoes, security, and environmental concerns. When a transit ban is enacted, vessels must find alternative routes, which can be…

Transit Time

What is Transit Time? Transit time in the maritime industry refers to the duration it takes for a shipment to travel from the port of origin to the port of destination. This time frame includes the entire journey, covering loading, sailing, and unloading processes. It is a key factor in estimating the time of arrival…

Transportation Management System

What is a Transportation Management System? A transportation management system (TMS) for the maritime industry is software that optimizes the planning, execution, and tracking of cargo shipments by sea. It manages routes, schedules, and carrier contracts. TMSs also improve efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure compliance with regulations. Key features include real-time tracking, inventory management, and…

Transportation Management System (TMS)

What is a Transportation Management System (TMS)? A transportation management system (TMS) is a comprehensive software solution designed to streamline and optimize the many aspects of managing transportation and logistics operations. It serves as a centralized platform that facilitates the planning, execution, and monitoring of the entire transportation process, offering end-to-end visibility and control. Key…

Transshipment

What is Transshipment? Understanding the Supply Chain Challenge Transshipment is a complex supply chain challenge that involves the transportation of cargo or a container from one vessel to another, while in transit to its final port of discharge (POD). Transshipping commonly happens when the cargo can’t reach its final destination through a direct route. A…

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UN Panel of Experts

The Panel was established in 2009 to conduct sanctions assessments and recommendations for the Security Council.

Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO)

What is a UBO? Ultimate beneficial owner (UBO) is a legal term for the person that owns or controls a legal entity, such as a ship. This person is the one that ultimately profits from each transaction, even if they aren’t documented as the legal owner. It isn’t always easy to determine who the ultimate…

Underwater Cables

What are Underwater Cables? Underwater cables transmit telecommunications signals, such as internet and data, across vast distances, forming the backbone of global connectivity. This infrastructure is vital for maintaining energy distribution, supporting the digital economy, and keeping the world connected. Laid on the ocean floor, underwater cables transmit data and communication signals between continents. When…

Underwater Oil and Gas Pipelines

What are Underwater Oil and Gas Pipelines? Underwater oil and gas pipelines are critical infrastructure mostly used to transport crude oil and natural gas. There are 20,000 miles of pipelines worldwide today. Constructed from steel or flexible materials, these pipelines are designed to withstand high pressure, corrosive environments, and extreme ocean conditions. How Do Underwater…

Unmanned Systems

What are Unmanned Systems? Law enforcement and defense agencies use unmanned maritime systems to achieve effective and actionable maritime domain awareness (MDA). Unmanned systems include remote-controlled boats, drifting buoys, drones, and satellites that provide visibility into areas that would otherwise be unmonitored. Four Examples of Unmanned Systems There are four different types of unmanned systems…

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Vessel Class

What is a Vessel Class? A vessel class refers to a group of ships or vessels that share similar design features, size, and capabilities. Ships within the same class are typically built for similar purposes, such as cargo transport, military operations, or passenger travel, and adhere to specific performance standards like speed, tonnage, or cargo…

Vessel Screening

What is Vessel Screening? Vessel screening is the process of evaluating ships to ensure compliance with international, national, and local regulations, as well as to assess potential risks. This involves examining factors such as the vessel’s history, flag state, ownership, crew, cargo, and voyage details. Vessel screening helps identify threats, prevent illegal activities, and ensure…

Vessel Tracking

What is Vessel Tracking? Vessel tracking is the ability to detect, identify, and monitor a ship’s location, and map the full details of the entire route. GPS pinpoints a vessel’s location, which is essential for tracking bad actors, and for the ship to navigate. Other systems, such as the ship’s automatic identification system (AIS) transponders,…

Vessel Vetting

What is vessel vetting? Vessel vetting is a process of evaluating and assessing the suitability of a vessel for a particular purpose, such as carrying a certain type of cargo, or operating in a specific region. This evaluation typically involves a review of the vessel’s technical and operational characteristics, and its safety and compliance record….

Voyage Irregularities

The OFAC Definition (Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices) Malign actors may attempt to disguise the ultimate destination or origin of cargo or recipients by using indirect routing, unscheduled detours, or transit or transshipment of cargo through third countries. Although transit and transshipment are common in the global movement of goods, private…

Voyage Number

What is a Voyage Number? A voyage number is a unique identifier assigned to a specific voyage of a vessel. It helps track and manage the vessel’s movements, cargo, and operations during that particular trip. The voyage number is used in shipping documents and systems to reference that specific journey, making it easier for stakeholders…

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Zombie Vessels

Zombie vessels are vessels that were scrapped yet ‘reappear’ somewhere later on.

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